¹ Residue Corresponding position in the amino acids sequence.
² We performed multiple alignment between all GH1 beta-glucosidases sequences using Clustal omega (default parameters). We collected the amino acids that appear in more than 50% of the sequences and more than 80% of the sequences.
³ Co-evolution network was generated using PFSTATS and family GH1 sequences obtained from PFAM. Amino acid residues edges represent correlation links between them.
α-helix | 3-helix | π-helix
β-bridge | β-ladder | β-strand
Loop | bend | hydrogen bonded turn
Community 1
Community 2
Extrapoled mutations
| Cellobiose docking
Poses (avg)
Affinity (wild)
Affinity (mutant)
ΔAffinity
ΔAffinity expected
Status
1
-6.30
-6.30
0
ΔAffinity < 0
x
1-3
-6.19
-6.11
0.08
ΔAffinity < 0
x
1-10
-5.89
-5.82
0.069999999999999
ΔAffinity < 0
x
| Glucose docking
Poses (avg)
Affinity (wild)
Affinity (mutant)
ΔAffinity
ΔAffinity expected
Status
1
-6.30
-5.50
0.8
ΔAffinity > 0
✓
1-3
-6.19
-5.29
0.9
ΔAffinity > 0
✓
1-10
-5.12
-5.11
0.0099999999999998
ΔAffinity > 0
✓
| Cellobiose docking
Poses (avg)
Affinity (wild)
Affinity (mutant)
ΔAffinity
ΔAffinity expected
Status
1
-6.30
-6.30
0
ΔAffinity < 0
x
1-3
-6.19
-6.14
0.050000000000001
ΔAffinity < 0
x
1-10
-5.89
-5.86
0.029999999999999
ΔAffinity < 0
x
| Glucose docking
Poses (avg)
Affinity (wild)
Affinity (mutant)
ΔAffinity
ΔAffinity expected
Status
1
-6.30
-5.43
0.87
ΔAffinity > 0
✓
1-3
-6.19
-5.29
0.9
ΔAffinity > 0
✓
1-10
-5.12
-5.13
-0.0099999999999998
ΔAffinity > 0
x
Methodology
Comparative modeling
Three-dimensional structures were modeled by homology using MODELLER. Sequences were collected in UniProt. We searched for the E.C. number of beta-glucosidases (3.2.1.21) and collected sequences of family GH1 (~3000). For each sequence, we selected the structure of highest identity using BLAST against the PDB database to be used as a template. Sequences with identity lower than 25% were discarded. 100 models were constructed for each sequence. The best model was selected using the lowest value of the DOPE score. Mutants were modeled using MODELLER's mutation script. The mutations were based on beneficial mutations described in the literature.
Minimization
PDB models were minimized using AMBER tools. We performed 1000 steps of minimization in the vacuum (parameters: imin=1, maxcyc=1000, ncyc=750, cut=10.0, ntb=0, igb=0).
Multiple alignment
We performed multiple alignment using Clustal Omega (default parameters). We used Python scripts to detect conservation.
Docking
We performed docking of glucose (product) and cellobiose (substrate) for wild and mutant beta-glucosidases using AutoDock Vina (parameters: exhaustiveness = 20; num_modes = 10). The box center was defined using the median coordinate of the last atom of the two catalytic glutamates. The experiment was performed in triplicate. We collected ten poses for each docking and analyzed the average of affinity energies predicted by the software for (i) pose 1, (ii) poses 1-3, and (iii) poses 1-10.